Learn / Intermediate
Layer 2 networks and rollups
Understand how scaling systems relate to a base chain and where additional assumptions enter.
The Token Press education desk · Reviewed 2026-09-08
Why move execution
A base blockchain has limited capacity. A rollup processes transactions outside the base execution environment and publishes information used to verify or resolve its state on the base chain. Batching can spread certain costs across many transactions.
A sidechain with its own consensus is not automatically a rollup. The route to security matters more than a broad scaling label.
Two broad approaches
Optimistic rollups rely on mechanisms for disputing invalid state claims. Validity rollups submit cryptographic proofs of correct computation. Details vary, including proof systems, data availability, upgrade permissions and withdrawal procedures.
A sequencer orders transactions and may offer quick initial confirmations. A sequencer’s acknowledgement and final settlement on the base chain are different stages.
Compare the complete system
Ask who can upgrade contracts, what happens if the sequencer stops and whether users can exit without the ordinary interface. Check which data is posted and which parties are trusted.
For an illustrative comparison, two applications can advertise equally low fees while offering different withdrawal delays and emergency exit mechanisms. A useful evaluation includes those mechanisms, not just speed. Token transfers between layers may also require bridge operations, so read the bridge guide before moving assets.
Sources & further reading
Educational content. Examples are illustrative. Consult the linked documentation for current details.